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Democrats Programming United States Politics Science Technology

SOTU: Community Colleges, Employers To Train Workers For High-Paying Coding Jobs 200

theodp writes: Coding got a couple of shout-outs from the White House in Tuesday's State of the Union Address. "Thanks to Vice President Biden's great work to update our job training system," said President Obama (YouTube), "we're connecting community colleges with local employers to train workers to fill high-paying jobs like coding, and nursing, and robotics." And among the so-called "boats" in the new "River of Content" that the White House social media folks came up with to enhance the State of the Union is a card intended to be shared on Twitter & Facebook which reads, "Let's teach more Americans to code. (Even the President is learning!)." President Obama briefly addressed human spaceflight, saying, "I want Americans to win the race for the kinds of discoveries that unleash new jobs – converting sunlight into liquid fuel; creating revolutionary prosthetics, so that a veteran who gave his arms for his country can play catch with his kid; pushing out into the Solar System not just to visit, but to stay." He also called once more for action on climate change. Politifact has an annotated version of the transcript for more background information on Obama's statements, and FiveThirtyEight has a similar cheat sheet.
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SOTU: Community Colleges, Employers To Train Workers For High-Paying Coding Jobs

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  • Paradox (Score:5, Insightful)

    by BarbaraHudson ( 3785311 ) <<barbara.jane.hudson> <at> <icloud.com>> on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:00AM (#48864527) Journal

    "we're connecting community colleges with local employers to train workers to fill high-paying jobs like coding

    ... while industry imports even more H1Bs to drive wages down, and offshores more and more of their development work offshore and parks the additional profits in tax havens? How is that going to work>

    • Re:Paradox (Score:5, Insightful)

      by LaurenCates ( 3410445 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:10AM (#48864587)

      Community colleges are not equipped to train people for high-paying coding jobs. They can teach you the basics, sure, but any kind of advanced programming skill comes from interning, mentorship and/or *gasp* actually sitting home and coding, coding, coding. All night, non-stop, my-brain-is-a-compiler-now coding. Most people aren't fit for that, and it's not a crime to point that out.

      The real experts are well aware that a few non-elite college classes aren't going to fill the advanced skill level, high-paying, rock-star-coding-ninja slots, and the President is doing a vast disservice in painting a rosy picture that communicates to people that all you need is a couple of entry-level courses and you too can be a professional coder, when the real problem here is access to the jobs that will get you the experience and the status.

      And where are those slots advertised? Hint: not in the community college placement offices.

      (Apologies if I sound glib to the parent poster; I mean only to be glib towards the original quote.)

      • Re:Paradox (Score:5, Insightful)

        by pastafazou ( 648001 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:17AM (#48864615)
        You're making the mistake of believing this is an actual plan, not just a bunch of feel good speechmaking and propaganda.
        • Re:Paradox (Score:4, Interesting)

          by LaurenCates ( 3410445 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:27AM (#48864713)

          No, I don't believe it's an actual plan.

          I just feel like I have to actually say something like this from time to time so that the words are out in the universe.

          If I transmit, maybe someone will receive.

        • Actually, you are mistaken for assuming than any educational effort that is national in scope doesn't start with speechmaking and "propaganda". Bright ideas that occur in a vacuum twinkle out quickly. Its only when those ideas are amalgamated and become an enterprise or new field of study and disseminated widely do they really make a difference.

          • True, but the State of the Union is a notorious platform for the President to spout feel good intentions to the American people that never amount to anything. Hydrogen powered cars anyone?
        • Re:Paradox (Score:4, Funny)

          by OhPlz ( 168413 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @11:20AM (#48865203)

          Hope and change lives!

        • You're making the mistake of believing this is an actual plan, not just a bunch of feel good speechmaking and propaganda.

          Yes, it's a plan to fix education. It hasn't worked in the public schools, which just keep getting worse, so they're basically going to add 2 more years of grade school to your "free" education, and hope that's enough.

      • Re:Paradox (Score:5, Insightful)

        by Enry ( 630 ) <enry@@@wayga...net> on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:23AM (#48864673) Journal

        Community college gives a few things:

        1) a stepping stone to a college they might not have been able to get in before
        2) a way of getting two low-cost years, then move to a better school and only pay for two more expensive years
        3) two more years of education

        We have an awesome tech school near my house. Nobody thinks that the graduates are going to become astronauts and doctors, but not everyone has to be a doctor or astronaut. We still need plumbers/electricians/carpenters/mechanics/welders in this country and those kinds of jobs should pay well enough to put a family in the middle class.

        • Re:Paradox (Score:5, Interesting)

          by LaurenCates ( 3410445 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:33AM (#48864765)

          I don't disagree that it's a stepping stone. And that's good. I believe in continuous education.

          I just don't like the simplistic promise from the President that the OP quotes. "[H]igh-paying jobs like coding" is the part that rankles me especially. It's an overly-simplistic view of the state of high-paying jobs. They're frequently inaccessible to most people for a variety of reasons, not the least of which being that a few community college courses are not the key to that door.

          It gives the impression that a high-paying job is relatively easy to get, and that's just not true.

          • Re:Paradox (Score:5, Insightful)

            by NotDrWho ( 3543773 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:43AM (#48864847)

            He's just parroting the nonsense that tech industry bullshit artists like Mark Zuckerberg have been shoveling for years now--namely, that the tech industry needs more H1B's because we just don't have enough entry-level programmers coming out of U.S. tech schools and colleges. Of course, that's total bullshit. There are plenty of grads coming out of these programs. But they can't get hired because they can't be enslaved as indentured servants like the H1B's.

            The only thing that's going to result from more Americans getting tech degrees from community colleges (and colleges in general, for that matter) is more unemployed people with student debt.

            • by Enry ( 630 )

              Not everyone goes to college to learn how to code. Believe me, I worked at a university for a number of years and nobody there could write code.

            • Maybe, I hope, these grads will pair up with business majors and start companies together? It worked at Sun.
          • by Enry ( 630 )

            It gives the impression that a high-paying job is relatively easy to get, and that's just not true.

            My FIL hired developers out of the local community college for his business. AFAIK they were paid well enough (this was upstate NY) and they were using COBOL, but they did a good job and his business grew. Not every coding position means you'll get $90,000 and options.

            But your larger point is still true. Maybe he should have said 'higher paying', but it's all relative.

            • But your larger point is still true. Maybe he should have said 'higher paying', but it's all relative.

              In 2005, the most recent year with available data, the median employee earned $28,567. So a job that pays more than that could be considered "high paying" by some.

              But unemployment is higher at the bottom end of the economic ladder. What we really need are more entry level "low paying" jobs. That is what is lacking. The biggest cause of poverty is not low wages, but the lack of any job at all. Households in the bottom quintile have an average of 0.4 people earning income. For the top quintile the figur

          • "It gives the impression that a high-paying job is relatively easy to get, and that's just not true."

            I didn't get that impression at all and suggest that your thoughts and biases about what the president said gave you that impression. There was nothing in his remarks that implied it in a logical sense, although the president is almost certainly correct. If you can get more people coding, there will be better coders and some will get paid better than if they did not have such skills. Not all code leads to

            • by ShanghaiBill ( 739463 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @01:23PM (#48866427)

              If you can get more people coding, there will be better coders and some will get paid better than if they did not have such skills.

              It helps just to know what coding is. There is a graphic artist working in the office next to mine. She once mentioned that she had 2000 images to resize, and it was going to take her a week to do them all. I gave her a one hour lesson on "what coding is" then I spent five minutes writing a perl script that was able to resize all the images in less than 30 seconds. She still can't code. But now, when she has a tedious and repetitive task, she knows to ask a coder for help.

          • High paying coding jobs are also tough to get when India is metaphorically just outside of your internet door. In India the job really IS high paying. In the US, rates that can compete with Indian coders are starvation wages.

            Even entrepreneurial coding is ever more likely to be shipped overseas, as it isn't even worth it to invest personal serious coder skills as sweat equity in a new company compared to just having a team in India build out ideas to spec (and maybe then tweaking them). Of the last thre

            • I'm still trying to understand, "we need the best and brightest minds available, so we can make a web page."
              • Well, one could also understandably confuse "programmer" with building a content page with html. Writing in a markup language -- even in a raw markup language as opposed to using a GUI to build one as many/most "web developers" are prone to do nowadays -- isn't exactly programming. Programming sort of starts when one includes at least some kind of conditionals, with something other than a graphical chooser, and goes up from there.

                That is, writing in raw php, java, or maybe even javascript probably counts.

            • This makes me wonder if those crap minimum wage jobs still offer a perk like the one I worked at had. If you were going to college and maintained at least a 2.0 GPA they had a "scholarship" program that would provide you an extra $1/hr. This was with a regional gas station chain years ago and the thinking was that while this is a shit job it would be better to have a competent person working it for a few years who will work hard, show up, but eventually move on than a warm body who may or may not show up bu
        • We still need plumbers/electricians/carpenters/mechanics/welders in this country and those kinds of jobs should pay well enough to put a family in the middle class.

          They often do. I remember years ago reading about a shortage of tool and die makers and that journeyman (basically just out of tech school) were getting jobs for like $150k a year.

          The biggest problem I have seen is that high schools teachers and councilors push the 4 year degree as the only way to get ahead and that no one should get a 2 year degree or learn a trade if they want to succeed. While they are correct in that a high school diploma basically ensures that you will live in poverty working minimu

      • The reality is that ALL of the best coders start somewhere. One can't say that someone who is at college age is "too old" to be a good programmer any more than one could say that there are no mathematicians or physicists who made any important contributions after 30. It is often at the "community college level" that many are first introduced to technical subjects that do not lend themselves well to the way our high school curricula are structured.

        Anyway, that's not the point, its the final outcome of hav

        • Re:Paradox (Score:4, Informative)

          by boristdog ( 133725 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @11:08AM (#48865089)

          Can confirm. I have a business degree from a major university.
          Two years after I got my degree I took a couple coding and networking courses at a community college.

          Now I make a good living ($100K+) as a programmer/DBA from my two semesters of community college courses. I haven't done jack with my 4 year degree.

          So anyone who wants to be a programmer can get a good boost from community college IF it's a GOOD community college. My profs were all old-time NASA programmers. They knew their stuff.

      • by whitroth ( 9367 )

        Bull, as they say, shit. I got my AA in data processing in '85. In fact, I'd taken about all the programming courses by '80, and got my first job as a programmer in '80.

        And I'll put down $5 that my code's better, more readable, more maintinable, and more easily enhanced than anything you've ever written, in any of the languages I've used.

                          mark

      • by judoguy ( 534886 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @02:00PM (#48866811) Homepage

        Community colleges are not equipped to train people for high-paying coding jobs. They can teach you the basics, sure, but any kind of advanced programming skill comes from interning, mentorship and/or *gasp* actually sitting home and coding, coding, coding. All night, non-stop, my-brain-is-a-compiler-now coding. Most people aren't fit for that, and it's not a crime to point that out.

        I have no degrees of any kind. No community college, not even high school. I started by teaching myself programming 30+ years ago. Found that even with the dumb ass mistakes I was making, I provided as much, and often more value to my employers as the CIS grads we hired.

        When I started, I had some real life experience with accounting, working with people, making payroll for my own construction business. Stuff not generally part of any programming degree. As the years went by, I looked for training where I could find it like online courses.

        I make 150k+ a year as a consultant. Nothing at all with formal education (if it's real and useful) but after 30 years in the industry, watching people come and go, by FAR the most important thing is aptitude and nerdiness. And by nerdiness, I mean exactly what you're talking about. Actually being interested in goofy shit like algorithm optimization, ferreting out OS API secrets, etc., just for their own sake, apart from the business need of the moment.

        • by judoguy ( 534886 )

          Nothing at all with formal education (if it's real and useful)...

          I meant to say "Nothing at all wrong with formal education..."

          I also don't have a typing/editing degree.

      • by ndykman ( 659315 )

        So, equip them. Provide incentives to bring faculty in at competitive rates. I'd be thrilled to teach at community college. I have extensive experience and an advanced degree, but there's little room for growth right now.

        Of course, you are correct in that the industry wants nothing to do with developing talent, so we would have a problem that even people with good fundamentals can't get work.

        However, it'd be great if computing was a minor or an AA degree that people used as a starting point for other degree

    • They need to fix this a bit further down the chain before the kids reach college.

      Our public school system is so out of whack it isn't funny. Only the better funded schools will have the ability to output students at a education level that will be necessary for anyone to follow the path of a Computer Science degree or Programmer. Getting access to even a basic level of equal education is very tough depending on where you live and how well off ( financially ) your parents are.

      Don't try to fine tune a syste
    • Maybe the community colleges should start offering mandatory courses on how to fake an Indian accent and get an H1B as an American citizen.

    • In the 1990's tech was big. So we hired any sap who had vague credentials to do the work. 100k a year to work in front page and call yourself a web developer. A bunch of hacks who worked in VB only and called themselves programmers. Creating an infrastructure where Systems Crashes were common and massive security holes.

      2003 the tech bubble burst. Luckily a lot of the dead wood left, but then they went into real estate, where they rode that bubble, until it popped, due to inadequate work, and rushing for

    • by gweihir ( 88907 )

      You are doing it wrong!

      This is not about facts or truth or what is going to happen. This statement is supposed to make you feel good about the administration! Of course that effect is ruined if you apply rationality to it...

    • I translated the presidents meaning as, "I willing to trade 300,000 MORE harvested coolies for your special interest needs." Only an idiot would think an Associates degree translates to a high paying job.
  • Where's the jobs? (Score:2, Insightful)

    by Anonymous Coward

    We'll be training kids with a two year degree to fill in jobs that don't exist. If you thought that another kid with a BA in communications was having a hard time just wait until we have thousands of kids who can do Hello World in Java and VB flooding a market that doesn't really exist... At least we can still count on everyone crying that we need more H1Bs.

  • by raymorris ( 2726007 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:14AM (#48864599) Journal

    Coding isn't a high paying job, and isn't what the country needs. A community college course that teaches how to code in a particular language, rather than teaching systems development, pays about the same as flipping burgers and produces systems like TJ Maxx, Target, Home Depot, and healthcare.gov.

    Teaching millions of people computer code is like teaching everyone medical codes - it doesn't do them any good, and it doesn't do the country any good.

    • by GroeFaZ ( 850443 )
      The more people you teach to do X, the more of them will end up at the far end of the bell curve for competence at X, and those will be, to stay in your analogy, the rocket surgeons of their time for X.
      • by raymorris ( 2726007 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:37AM (#48864795) Journal

        Suppose that's true, if you teach a million people medical coding, two will end up being doctors. And the rest end up unemployed because we only need a few thousand medical coding people. How is that good, to have 998,000 people waste their time (and your money)? Everyone would be much better off putting 1/100th the money into medical school scholarships - you end up with more doctors and nobody wasting their time, and you still have your money to spend on something useful.

        Similarly, we need people who know systems architecture, comp sci, information security, electrical engineering, materials science - all of these disciplines are needed to build the systems of the future, and all pay well. Scholarships in these areas would be useful to the student and to the country. Teaching everyone a coding language doesn't advance anything they need or we need.

        There are plenty of fields where a community college education is useful - welders, for example, earn more than code monkeys, starting with just a few weeks of schooling. In two years, they can get certified to do underwater welding, aerospace, etc - all of which pay much better than coding, because they are more useful than coding without understanding software systems design principles.

        • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

          by turkeyfish ( 950384 )

          Nonsense. If you train a million doctors the worse that could happen is that you have nearly a million paramedics, some trained to do many of the simple or relatively specialized tasks that doctors already farm out to their nurses and aides already. The result would be no excuse for such high health care costs and wages for doctors, since much of what they currently do could be done for far less by paramedics or even in some cases by robots or medical devices.

          Lets end the nonsense that the status quo is t

          • > Nonsense. If you train a million doctors the worse that could happen is that you have nearly a million [more] paramedics

            Not really, but let's assume that were true. The US needs a of 239,000 paramedics, and already has 235,000. So of the million you think you'd end up with, 99% would be unemployed. Excellent example of the thinking process of modern liberalism.

            Funny you should mention that example. I work on an EMT/paramedic course. It has very little in common with medical school for doctors, and it'

      • by SecurityGuy ( 217807 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:48AM (#48864893)

        Those who end up on the far end of the bell curve won't be those who stop at a 2 year degree in "coding" at a local community college. The very best developer I know has a masters degree, 25+ years of experience, and STILL spends more time learning.

        My objection to things like this are the false belief it instills that all you need to do to learn to be good at this is go to community college for a while, where you'll be taught by other people who aren't good at coding. If they were good, they'd be doing it, not making peanuts teaching community college. The second false belief is that it's a ticket to a high paying job. High pay comes with scarce skills. If you send everyone to community college and they actually do become good at coding, it won't be a high paying job.

        We should send everyone to a 4 year school and teach them basic economics so they'd understand things like this. Doctors don't make a lot of money because their jobs are important or it costs a lot to train one. They make a lot of money because when you need one, you'll pay whatever you have to, and because there are a limited number of them. In the ideal world, we'd call that 4 year degree high school. It's terrible that people entering the real world don't understand this stuff, and it's why the US electorate falls for nonsense like this time and again.

        • My objection to things like this are the false belief it instills that all you need to do to learn to be good at this is go to community college for a while, where you'll be taught by other people who aren't good at coding. If they were good, they'd be doing it, not making peanuts teaching community college.

          That's not necessarily true. There are many folks who are quite good teaching at the CC level. Many are PhDs and want to make a bit more money while working on their post docs. Others want a bit more in

          • Fair enough. My experience of CC teachers was variable. My calculus teacher was atrocious. I had an English lit prof who thought it was reasonable to have students read aloud. I dropped that course in a heartbeat. I had a good biology teacher, and my Anthropology course was excellent. I seriously consider teaching CC myself now and again, mostly because I think I'd like it and, as you say, have some experience I want to share. Sadly, they require a masters in the field you want to teach. I have one,

    • It's a start. While you learn how to code you can actually start doing it as a hobby, which (as others have pointed out) is more or less required practice to reach a decent level of proficiency which no course will ever give you.

      We don't expect an architect fresh out of college to design a skyscraper, nor a guy with a new medical degree to perform complex procedures on his own, nor a newly graduated MBA to run a division. (Sometimes it does happen, with crap results as a rule). By the same token, some
    • by jsepeta ( 412566 )

      we need more science training and research into alternative and renewable energy sources. that's what will help america best -- using tech to save the planet for capitalism

      • Yeah look at how far we've come with only 60 years and $200 billion taxpayer money of intense research in the area. 50 years ago, solar could only power a calculator. Now it can power a mobile phone. Well, it can provide almost 1/10th of 1% of the power for a mobile phone, anyway.

        What alternative energy needs isn't MORE of the same fail, but some different thinking, primarily getting rid of the preoccupation with turning light into electricity. Solar works great for heating. The sun is a million degree

  • HUH? (Score:2, Funny)

    by Anonymous Coward

    "I want Americans to win the race for the kinds of discoveries that unleash new jobs – converting sunlight into liquid fuel;"

    What next? Flying unicorn cloning?

    • What next? Flying unicorn cloning?

      Reasonable level of Federal debt. Hah! Yes, flying unicorns are much more likely.

    • Here's the full text and a fancy word gizmo: http://benschmidt.org/poli/201... [benschmidt.org]
  • Train the trainer. (Score:3, Insightful)

    by geekmux ( 1040042 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:31AM (#48864751)

    ..."Let's teach more Americans to code. (Even the President is learning!)."

    Wow.

    Never thought I'd see a day where POTUS would have a technical leg up on every judge presiding over the fate of coders.

    When is National Train the Trainer day going to hit the calendar? Might as well, since training is being pushed this hard.

    • ..."Let's teach more Americans to code. (Even the President is learning!)."

      Wow.

      >

      Is it just me or does this mean the market for coders has topped out? It's like the "Time magazine cover indicator" for the stock market: When you see a cover that says "Stocks, how high can they go!", sell! When the cover says, "Stocks, no hope in sight...", buy!

      With all of the political people talking about coding, it must be sign of some sort of market top in the industry. I also think it's true that coding is for people who like it for it's own sake, not just because someone says "that's where the jobs

  • by XxtraLarGe ( 551297 ) on Wednesday January 21, 2015 @10:46AM (#48864871) Journal

    I teach Computer Information Systems at a community college, which includes some programming courses (C++, Java, JavaScript & PHP w/MySQL, etc.), and some non-programming courses on general computer use. When I teach a programming course, I teach it with the idea that the students I have need to be competent in order to succeed when they move on to a 4 year college. What ends up happening is about 1/3 will stop coming to class after about the first few weeks of school--just long enough to not have their Pell Grants and other financial taken away. Then they go off to party/play video games/whatever. About another 1/2 will struggle, complain that there's too much homework, that the homework is too hard, but they either don't post messages on the course message board, or they do it the evening before the homework's due. They also tend to skip class if they didn't get the homework done. Then about 1/6 excel in the course. They show up every time, do most of the homework, and try to assist other students who are struggling.

    I've been teaching for 5 years now and this has been a consistent pattern. The first & last groups are typically composed of traditional students, and the middle one is mostly non-traditional students. I think the reason why NT students struggle so much is because they're shuttled into CS/CIS but have no technical background. They're told "go into computers, that's where all the jobs are", then they take the classes & struggle. I try to accommodate them as best I can, but there's only so much hand-holding you can do.

    So basically from my anecdotal experience, you're going to be pissing away money on about 5/6ths of the students you're sending into the field. The number of successes may increase when this program kicks into gear, but that's not really going to be a good indication. "Why's that?" you ask. The answer is simple: There will be more smart students at community colleges who probably would have gone to a better 4-year school if community college wasn't "free".

    I want to see everyone have as much success as possible, but the truth is, some students would be better suited for going straight into the job market rather than go to college. Most of the students in the lower 1/3 I mentioned previously either lack the intelligence, (but mostly) the maturity, or both.

    • I'm in the same position, work in academic technology but teach as an adjunct - Linux Admin I and II, and a PHP+MySQL class.

      I can generally guess at success levels by how curious a student is about how stuff works, whether they want to work ahead, or try to figure out what tool would work to solve a problem they've been thinking about.

      And like you I have had student that thought since they spend 10 hours a day online on facebook, playing WoW, etc. that they should be "in computers" for a living. I've also

  • He speaks of how we need folks in technical positions, yet we pay a professional ballplayer ( pick your sport ), a CEO or a celebrity a salary that is so above and beyond what a " programmer " makes, it's ludicrous. The CEO of my own company makes as much in one year as myself and ONE THOUSAND others just like me.

    Most kids don't understand the odds of their becoming a pro ball player. All they see is the dump trucks of cash we give them and the lifestyle they get to live because of it. Couple that with t
  • Legions more people who are getting into programming just because they heard there was money in it...even though they have no talent, interest or passion for it...
  • That contributed to reluctance of MIT and Stanford to create Computer Science departments then. Excellent computer scientists like Knuth were around, but hiding in Math or EE departments. A person seriously interesting in just coding and not all the side course forced upon for a B.S. degree sometimes went to DeVry or ITT instead.

    So do we go full circle again? Coding is now a trade for CCs? It may be important to distinguish coding, software engineering and computer science. I know some great academics
  • It is interesting that "pushing out into the Solar System not just to visit, but to stay" is part of a speech that emphasizes keeping Earth habitable. This is opposite to the SF "Run Away! Run Away!" meme. Given how long space colonization will take, this is actually the reality. Earth must be preserved to have the time and investment available for an ambitious effort.
  • The end game comes shortly.

    Either the US figures out that wealth and income need to be spread more widely so that more demand is created and business grows because of that, rather than via ever more convoluted and harsh predatory financial and business behavior targeted upon their customers and the rest of the world, or it is toast.

    That is all.

  • According to Wikipedia, he's hanging around the Episcopal Christ Church of the Ascension in Paradise Valley, AZ. You might be able to dig him up there!

    Thank you! Thank you! I'll be here all week! Tip your servers. Try the veal!

  • Because as we all know the demand for programming is infinite....
  • Let's teach more Americans to code.

    Everybody and his dog who happens to be an Excel whiz or a Word macro expert is arguably a coder. As are a lot of people who call themselves programmers. Do we want more of that skillset? Or do we want more people who can take a longer, more structured, project-oriented view and who write maintainable, extensible programs? I'm asking the question in all seriousness.

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