Follow Slashdot blog updates by subscribing to our blog RSS feed

 



Forgot your password?
typodupeerror
×
The Almighty Buck Social Networks The Military United States Politics Science

The Only Thing, Historically, That's Curbed Inequality: Catastrophe (theatlantic.com) 516

ColdWetDog writes: The Atlantic has an interesting article on how societies have decreased economic equality. From the report: "Calls to make America great again hark back to a time when income inequality receded even as the economy boomed and the middle class expanded. Yet it is all too easy to forget just how deeply this newfound equality was rooted in the cataclysm of the world wars. The pressures of total war became a uniquely powerful catalyst of equalizing reform, spurring unionization, extensions of voting rights, and the creation of the welfare state. During and after wartime, aggressive government intervention in the private sector and disruptions to capital holdings wiped out upper-class wealth and funneled resources to workers; even in countries that escaped physical devastation and crippling inflation, marginal tax rates surged upward. Concentrated for the most part between 1914 and 1945, this 'Great Compression' (as economists call it) of inequality took several more decades to fully run its course across the developed world until the 1970s and 1980s, when it stalled and began to go into reverse. This equalizing was a rare outcome in modern times but by no means unique over the long run of history. Inequality has been written into the DNA of civilization ever since humans first settled down to farm the land. Throughout history, only massive, violent shocks that upended the established order proved powerful enough to flatten disparities in income and wealth. They appeared in four different guises: mass-mobilization warfare, violent and transformative revolutions, state collapse, and catastrophic epidemics. Hundreds of millions perished in their wake, and by the time these crises had passed, the gap between rich and poor had shrunk."

Slashdot reader ColdWetDog notes: "Yep, the intro is a bit of a swipe at Trump. But this should get the preppers and paranoids in the group all wound up. Grab your foil! Run for the hills!"

This discussion has been archived. No new comments can be posted.

The Only Thing, Historically, That's Curbed Inequality: Catastrophe

Comments Filter:
  • by ArmoredDragon ( 3450605 ) on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @10:33PM (#53909249)

    Seriously this article makes it sound like life just after a devastating conflict is better than economic prosperity because most people are equally poor.

    That's pretty fucked up, and I'm calling BS.

    • by PopeRatzo ( 965947 ) on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @10:40PM (#53909267) Journal

      Seriously this article makes it sound like life just after a devastating conflict is better than economic prosperity because most people are equally poor.

      I imagine you might think that if you didn't read the article.

      • I imagine you might think that if you didn't read the article.

        So you're telling me that we were all more equal before the civil rights era? Before gay marriage was a thing? Because that's what the article is saying.

        • by ranton ( 36917 )

          So you're telling me that we were all more equal before the civil rights era? Before gay marriage was a thing? Because that's what the article is saying.

          Please read the article before your next post. The very first sentence makes it clear it is referring to income inequality, not equality in general.

          • Please read the article before your next post. The very first sentence makes it clear it is referring to income inequality, not equality in general.

            My very first post was specifically discussing quality of life, especially arguing that making everybody equally poor doesn't make for a better society. And that is in fact what GP was arguing against, though admittedly my second post did go on a tangent, but that was because of the few points the article makes about civil equality (i.e. mention of voting rights.)

            • by ranton ( 36917 ) on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @09:50AM (#53911125)

              My very first post was specifically discussing quality of life, especially arguing that making everybody equally poor doesn't make for a better society. And that is in fact what GP was arguing against, though admittedly my second post did go on a tangent, but that was because of the few points the article makes about civil equality (i.e. mention of voting rights.)

              I understand what your point was, but it was refuting a strawman argument no one made. The article does not state the world is better off because wars reduced income inequality. It merely states the wars reduced income inequality. It then goes on to say it will be much harder to reduce inequality in peaceful times than it was in the middle of the last century. It does not make any claims that we are worst off because of this, only that we will need to work harder to reduce inequality without outside factors which made it easier in the past.

    • by s.petry ( 762400 )

      False equivalency. The push for equality is enshrined in the Declaration of Independence. Conflicts after the Civil war are just as likely to have quelled movements toward equality as well as helped them.

      • False equivalency. The push for equality is enshrined in the Declaration of Independence. Conflicts after the Civil war are just as likely to have quelled movements toward equality as well as helped them.

        Please define "enshrined", because the declaration of independence isn't a legally binding document within the scope of US law. Also see my post below.

        • Re:Yup (Score:5, Informative)

          by s.petry ( 762400 ) on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @11:26PM (#53909433)

          The Declaration may not be "Law", but it is _the_ single most important document in American History. The Declaration of Independence is what founded the country. The document provides both the reason for discarding rule from England

          When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

          And the principles that the Country should, and would, have.

          We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

          I'd recommend reading the whole Document. [constitution.org] The Constitution is the Law used to protect the rights declared.

          • The Declaration may not be "Law", but it is _the_ single most important document in American History.

            No, it's not. The document that guides literally every single law in this country is the constitution, so it is quite measurably more important. And in case you didn't notice, the constitution specifically mentions that some people only count as 3/5ths of a person, so it even codified inequality.

            • Re:Yup (Score:5, Informative)

              by _Sharp'r_ ( 649297 ) <sharper AT booksunderreview DOT com> on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @12:26AM (#53909627) Homepage Journal

              some people only count as 3/5ths of a person

              Have you ever wondered why? It's because they were trying to reduce the influence of slaveholders. A default position of counting slaves as a full person for representation purposes would have led to the slaveholders (who actually voted for representation, not the slaves) controlling the federal government based on the number of slaves they held.

              So the 3/5ths compromise as well as granting the power to restrict or prohibit the importation of slaves (also in the Constitution) were the Nation's first two anti-slavery measures, passed over opposition from the slave-holding States. They'd have done more, but then the slave-holding States wouldn't have ratified the Constitution in the first place, making any restrictions in it pointless.

    • Oh and to add to that: The postwar era was also the pre-civil rights era, and now we're less equal?

      Furthermore, the rise of big businesses has more or less enforced civil equality, and overall good citizen conduct way more than any laws have. While the government was still debating gay marriage, big corporations were already pushing their health insurance (and other benefit providers) to recognize domestic partnerships as an enticement for them to work there. HR departments in all big companies often over-r

    • Black Death (Score:2, Informative)

      by Anonymous Coward

      Wages in Europe were extremely low before the Black Death due to massive overpopulation versus amount of available jobs. After the Black Death there were more jobs than people to work them. Not only that there were less competition for limited resources like land. It could be argued Renaissance would not have happened without the Black Death. Families like the Medici would not have succeeded without some upending of the old world order.

    • by ranton ( 36917 )

      Seriously this article makes it sound like life just after a devastating conflict is better than economic prosperity because most people are equally poor.

      The article says nothing of the sort. It makes no contention that we are better off because wars reduced income inequality. It only contends that without similar struggles it will be far more difficult to reduce this inequality. That is a completely different viewpoint then the one you attribute to the article.

    • French revolution, which the article surprisingly glosses over, had a number of factors, one of which was inequality. I suspect that's the case in all these examples. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]

      I call bs on anything that uses words like 'The only thing....'
      This isn't a TV show, so simplification becomes an exercise in cherry picking to prove your point.

    • When does revolution happen? Not because of politics; it is because of economics. When your future looks less rosy than it used to (relative perspective not absolute), then you want to change something and that means throw the bums out--regardless of who the bums are. Revolution happens _via_ politics just like all things social.

      Best recent example is the Arab spring. Those protests were "against the dictator" (who else) but they weren't "because" of the dictators who had been in power for decades. It wa
  • by KermodeBear ( 738243 ) on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @10:39PM (#53909265) Homepage

    "Yep, the intro is a bit of a swipe at Trump. But this should get the preppers and paranoids in the group all wound up. Grab your foil! Run for the hills!"

    If you want to have constructive conversation, you don't try to get people "wound up" and you don't start it with insulting them, either. I'm sure it wasn't intentional, but it does come off as the kind of smug crap that I see everywhere these days.

  • Whew! (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Impy the Impiuos Imp ( 442658 ) on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @11:04PM (#53909355) Journal

    Income inequality is an indirect, at best, and irrelevant at worst, measurement.

    One cares about the average health, wealth, and longevity of a population. That continues to skyrocket as much of the third world becomes modernized due to economic freedom, the one measurement directly proportional to such measurements.

    This continues to improve in the west, too. Their health is stalling, but due to too much cheap food and a lack of needing to physically labor.

    Both of these are historically novel "problems", where most places and all other time periods, dollars per calorie and dollars per nutrition were the limiting factor to average health and longevity.

    • by rsilvergun ( 571051 ) on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @11:34PM (#53909459)
      I care about me and my family and we're not doing so hot. Income inequality is a hot button issue with me because the gains since 2008 have all gone to the upper class, of which I am not. My kid just hit college and she'll not only spend her life making somebody else rich but the first 10 years paying them for the privilege. I'm struggling and she's going to struggle. Putting it in historical context doesn't make my objective reality any better.

      Maybe if you're in Europe things are getting better. Here in the States millennials make 20% less than boomers adjusted for inflation. We're losing ground while our ruling class is gaining. Those aren't feelings. Those are cold, hard facts. 20 minutes in google will prove that.

      I want Americans to stop settling for less. I want us to stop fighting among ourselves while the ruling class take everything. Everything you just wrote and every sentiment you just expressed makes it that much less likely that they will.
    • Re:Whew! (Score:4, Insightful)

      by Weirsbaski ( 585954 ) on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @12:42AM (#53909661)

      Income inequality is an indirect, at best, and irrelevant at worst, measurement.

      One cares about the average health, wealth, and longevity of a population.

      A thousand people pack into a conference hall: Bill Gates plus 999 homeless people. "Average wealth" says that the average person there is a multi-millionaire. Is that an appropriate measurement to use?

      A week later msoft's stock has a major uptick, and "average wealth" says the average person there gained 15% . Still a right measurement?

      • Re:Whew! (Score:4, Insightful)

        by gurps_npc ( 621217 ) on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @08:47AM (#53910825) Homepage

        Different kinds of averages: Mean = what you did. Median = the guy in the exact middle. Mode = the rank that has the most people.

        In your example, Bill gates + 999 homeless, the Mean = muilti-millionaire, Median = homeless, and Mode = homeless.

        In other words, your problem is caused entirely by choice of the type of average. The Median average is the kind we need to use for this type of problem.

  • by Trachman ( 3499895 ) on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @11:19PM (#53909401) Journal

    I have read the original article at the Atlantic. This is a horrific horrific article, written by the sympathizers and apologists of the red terror in France, Soviet regimes (China and Soviet Union). Article also says that reduction of the number of the workers was a factor increasing the income the working class and decreased inequality.

    First, it casually mentions Soviet and Chinese revolutions with their confiscation and redistribution. Article fails to mention, that such changes were followed by the civil wars against peasantry and the workers, the use of chemical weapons against insurgents, massive red terror, massive incarcerations, loss of the academic, scientific, professional, business and cultural elite by both troika death sentences and emigrations. Don't try to mention this "equality measure" in Russia, for you risk to be roughed up by those who hate communism. Also, article fails to mention, that these revolutions created a super-elite class which keeps most of the wealth in these countries, basically brainy yet criminally dishonest former communist party members who got filthy rich.

    Secondly the article mentions confiscatory rate as the solution. Author simply fails to mention that if a marginal rate exceeds 50% people are less likely to try to make more money, and, most importantly, marginal income tax rate does not touch the principle, which is rarely if ever taxed.

    This topic of inequality has been covered ad nauseum by Austrian economists, with the one and only conclusion: it is the excessive government regulation that is causing inequality. Here are some basic examples:... medical profession is completely regulated in the USA. The number of medical school graduates is strictly regulated in order not to produce surplus professionals. Many other factors, such as regulations and, for example, requirement to a have malpractice insurance, do add up to the medical practice costs and, subsequently, to the prices. As such, even now with Obamacare in effect, healthcare is un-affordable luxury for many, and some people are suffering from lack of it. If the profession is completely unregulated, and would allow unlimited immigration of medical specialists from anywhere in the world, combined with loosened importation of medications, malpractice reform, would seriously give death blow to the healthcare industry, which does not provide a meaningful increase in the longevity of lives of Americans compared to the countries such as Costa Rica or Albania.

    Finally article fails to mention that there are countries where catastrophe was not required to have exceedingly high standard for their citizens. Switzerland. Super low federal taxes, most of the decisions are done locally by the cantons, historically libertarian governmental approach by the Government. There was never a catastrophe in Switzerland, but their living standard is one of the highest in the world. Also, inequality is not considered an issue, there are plenty of rich people, who live there with many regular Swiss minding their own business and not worrying about inequality: why would they?

    • Red Terror? You are so behind the times. Wake up, it's the 21st century!

      Today's angry paranoid crypto-fascist needs to be ranting about Moooslims, Mexicans, gays etc, and the perennial favorite, Jews. No one is so old school these days to waste any time on Commies. It doesn't even rate any nostalgia points.

      You can't fully participate in the destruction of American civil society if you stick with these old fashioned attitudes. Ruining our economic system and destroying our world leadership is a big task,

    • by AHuxley ( 892839 ) on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @12:33AM (#53909637) Journal
      "There was never a catastrophe in Switzerland, but their living standard is one of the highest in the world."
      Switzerland looks after its own internally and does not let many random people just wonder in and become Swiss.
      People can find a job or are supported if a person cant get work or will never work at the very local, canton level. No fraud, no cheating i.e. no illegals can hide in a vast federal system. Any gov support payments are kept at a normal rate per normal population size. Work is encouraged and rewarded. Nice car, nice house, holidays, or own business. Education gets people ready for work. Some military service then ensures every generation knows how to work together and what their nation has to offer. A few days in the mud, cold, in the back of a truck, up a mountain, been in a bunker gets different people talking and helps build a nation.
      The ranks of the unemployable are not allowed to rise every generation by inviting lots of unemployable people in.

      The medical profession globally is protected to ensure only the best in any nation can work on a citizen in need of help.
      Any medical expert on duty should be the best a nation can educate or have passed the same exams.
      No wealthy citizen wants to wake up in their own nation and be told some "medical specialist from anywhere in the world" on duty did not have the skills needed to ensure a normal recovery. So most nations are very aware of who they allow to practice medicine. Only the best get to pass tests and practice.
      If a nation wants to save its citizens after a crash or in some emergency it can be very simple.
      Have great ambulance crews with real skills and the national support they need. Allow helicopters, aircraft to fly in all weather, at night and bring back patients to only the very best hospitals. Most normal nations can fly helicopters at night in 2017 to get people to a fully equipped hospital.
      Teams of the best doctors on duty selected only on merit then get to care for citizens. Not a citizen? Have that travel insurance ready.
      No student, work or tourist visa without full cover medial insurance.
      The same goes for education. Test the students and only support the very best. Ensure the best get to university.

      The Soviet and Chinese experiments soon run of free cash and have to export their way back into hard currency.
      China today is investing globally but its own people know of all the corruption, lack of free speech and pollution.

      The confiscatory rate is going to get very interesting with EU/NATO nations. How to support vast numbers of people moving in illegally and expecting generations of free gov support. Housing, schools, medical, dental for millions of new people with no new tax rates?
      Governments could take on more debt to cover welfare costs :) What happens when 20-40% of a growing population has no skills to work for generations?
    • by nnappe ( 610767 ) <nnappe.gmail@com> on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @10:33AM (#53911353)

      Article *never* does a good vs evil judgement. Never advocates anything.
      Article simply states: "Inequality was only curbed by catastrophe. Even in the title, it calls all of those events *Catastrophes*!
      The point of the Article is to say that constant, mild and progressive policies have seldom had any impact vs catastrophes. The article calls the chinese and soviet revolutions "bloody affairs" and "murderous mechanisms"
      Makes you wonder why you're
      Why would you hand pick only one school out of inequality when there are many other economists in other countries producing more investigations that we could take into consideration? Many of them have also investigated inequality as a cause and an effect of market failures, that is, failure by the market to maximize the value creation (ie: an inefficient economy).
      Switzerland benefited quite a lot from the influx of foreign wealth, not produced by the swiss economy itself. During some of the catastrophes talked about in the article, a lot of the spoils were transferred to Switzerland, and it has a place in the world economy as the most famous tax haven were the beneficiaries of inequality elsewhere stored their wealth. Also, its economy is *far* from unregulated, not quite a libertarian utopia. You will be able to find many more countries with less industrial, environmental, labor and even financial regulations, why didn't you choose one of those instead?

  • The US after the world wars might have been an exception (since we were hardly touched), but when you have devastation from war, your infrastructure and systems get thrown out of whack, the "equal" after might be worse than the "poor" beforehand.
  • by wisebabo ( 638845 ) on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @11:32PM (#53909453) Journal

    So I'm very familiar with two countries, Vietnam and Thailand.

    Vietnam, as you all know, went through a difficult occupation by the French, then the Americans, before having their country divided in two and then suffering a devastating civil war which killed millions of people (4 million?) before unification. The result? Everyone, more or less, started out very poor (during the late 70s and early 80s starvation was a real fear). So everyone was equal. Now though, inequality is climbing (fast) as the winners have "capitalized" (ironic comment intended on the supposedly communist country) on their ability to extract a greater and greater portion of the country's rising wealth. Still, for a time, society was remarkably fluid and anyone could be anyone (for example the ex-prime minister came from humble beginnings).

    Thailand has not been conquered by a foreign power (ever?), certainly not by the westerners who did so to every other country in S.E. Asia. (That was due to the astuteness of their past king(s) who played the foreigners off against each other). So the power structures in Thailand have remained static for hundreds of years. In the last century, because of the great increase in wealth coming from modernization and technology, much of it was captured by the ruling class. Thus you have an urban elite that was (until recently) running the show from Bangkok (the "Hi So" or High Society) and getting richer and richer in the process. A populist (yet corrupt) billionaire politician used this great divide to sweep himself into power (sound familiar) only to be ultimately blocked by the military (acting on behest of the existing power structures).

    • by Aighearach ( 97333 ) on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @12:15AM (#53909593)

      Certainly if you hit Thai history with a big enough hammer, you can shrink it down to a paragraph. That said, you really went off the rails at the end on the politics. It isn't a rich/poor split, it is a Central (Thai) Thai vs ethnic Laos/Khmer. Poor people nearer to Bangkok mostly support the traditional power structures. In the north and east regions that only have a few hundred years of being part of the country, they support the corrupt populists.

      If you see the movie "The King and I," (any version) the character of the young prince, in real life he grew up and banished slavery and the old system of numerical social status. It used to be that everybody had an assigned numerical value that they wore pinned to their shirt. It was like that for a long time, generations, and most of the working class were valueless (literal) slaves. It was changed simply by decree; not in response to a social movement or unrest or anything, simply because the King was well educated and told people another way of doing things. So they don't have the same history that most of the world has, of people struggling for rights and freedoms. Rights and freedoms have generally been thrust on them unrequested. And so they do not really have functioning politics.

  • Oh dear (Score:4, Interesting)

    by Pollux ( 102520 ) <speter@[ ]ata.net.eg ['ted' in gap]> on Tuesday February 21, 2017 @11:36PM (#53909465) Journal

    Attempting to analyze the causes and effects of war on Economies would require a rhetorical eloquence no less than those that authored the Federalist Papers, and, at the very least, the same volume of words. Fudging it all down to something as small as your typical The Atlantic commentary read is proportionally equal to asking a five year old to draft their own theories of government.

    But, let's at least have a little fun with this, and perhaps attempt at sharing something of insight. Here goes:

    A brief study of the history of the United States economy would generally yield a result looking no different in approximation than an increasing sine wave, generally increasing at an exponential rate. While there are upward trends and downward trends, of more-or-less of equal duration of time, the economy has been trending upwards since its inception. As for why it's continually trending upwards, no matter how complex the argument, it generally boils down to one simple word:

    Balance.

    Our country maintains a relative balance between free market and regulation; between public and private sector; between state and federal governments; between taxable income and disposable income...and so on and so forth.

    Naturally, given the general liberties our citizens possess, we from time to time will express our displeasure with the existing status quo. Displeasure among a proportion of the populace is inevitable. We all come from different walks of life and form opinions and biases preferring a bias against the balance in the direction of some extremism. As passionate citizens, we may attempt to swing the pendulum hard in a particular direction, as others naturally try to swing it in the opposite. We exercise this through electing representatives who share our views, posting our views online, speaking out at public meetings, attending rallies, drafting petitions, etc, etc. While these motions are a natural result of the state of government that presently exists, they generally do not threaten the state of government itself.

    But, occasionally, it does. And it does, because factions within our society generate enough power among the citizens to disrupt the balance in favor of their zealous points of view. Thankfully, the founding fathers created a system of government that generally impedes factions. (To see a much more thorough and more eloquent analysis of this argument, please see Federalist Papers 9 & 10.)

    I'm concerned that we may be living in one of those times. Our country is very unbalanced in its political view right now, and the inflammatory rhetoric from a zealous self-righteous minority faction is pouring fuel onto the fire. To make matters worse, one of those zealots is none other than our president. But, I digress.

    When it comes to tax policies, balance is key. The United States economy fared very well following both wars, because both wars were funded by high income taxes. The United States economy also fared very well in the 20's, in the 90's, and before 2008, because income tax rates were very low, freeing up vast amounts of investment capital. And then the economies after all these booms crashed hard, much in part due to deregulation and poor investing. My point being this: Creating economic policies that directly reflect the present conditions with the intention of returning to a balanced economy are the keys to success. A zealous application of a tax policy for the sake of the tax policy alone will not contribute to economic success.

  • Yes, just kill everybody. We're all equal when we're dead. Might put a stopper on that global warming thing too.
  • What will it be, fires?, floods?, pestilence?, mass riots?, Trump?

  • Yay, we're equal (Score:4, Insightful)

    by Opportunist ( 166417 ) on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @05:05AM (#53910281)

    Sure, after the war, everyone in Germany was equal. Equally broke, equally without a job, equally without a stable home, equally without a stable government, equally...

  • by johnlcallaway ( 165670 ) on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @09:07AM (#53910915)

    What the article is discussing is bringing the successful down to the level of the unsuccessful. Not finding solutions for why some people don't become successful. Things like free government money and housing reducing the incentive to make one's own way.

    The establishment of equal wealth does not elevate the low skilled, unmotivated people. It reduces the efforts of the highly skilled, motivated people. Eventually, the highly skilled, motivated people will rise above once again.

    Just as they always have done throughout history.

    Instead of treating the successful with disdain, diminishing their accomplishments, and complaining about how they have everything, it's better to strive to be more successful. Or, instead of blaming others for your poor decisions, learn from them and move on.

    It's one thing to give people a leg up when times are difficult and expect them to grow. It's another to make entire segments of a population dependent upon other people and and instill a sense of defeat in them.

    The later is what many government assistance programs do and why they are drains on an economy instead of growing it. I've known a few people that were very happy to collect their unemployment checks until they were in danger of losing them. Interesting how a timeline of decreasing benefits can be an incentive to try and be successful.

  • by Qbertino ( 265505 ) <moiraNO@SPAMmodparlor.com> on Wednesday February 22, 2017 @09:21AM (#53910973)

    ... whatever that may be in specific cases.
    Every person needs to feel loved and needs to feel competent, preferably by doing useful work they can handle and is thankfully recieved by their community while being and feeling mentally and physically healthy. With food, shelter, security, fulfilment and good regular sex at the foundation. Aside from that, hardly anyone really cares how rich the next guys is vis-a-vis himself.

    If I can have all that, I seriously couldn't care less if everyone else was a billionaire but me. And I suspect it's like that for most people.

    Bottom line:
    Equality != Quality of life inside a society.

"The vast majority of successful major crimes against property are perpetrated by individuals abusing positions of trust." -- Lawrence Dalzell

Working...